While risking possible loss of power like her sister, who played into the hands of King Philip II of Spain, marriage offered the chance of an heir. [169] To maintain the illusion of peace and prosperity, she increasingly relied on internal spies and propaganda. [88], This claim of virginity was not universally accepted. In February 1603, the death of Catherine Carey, Countess of Nottingham, the niece of her cousin and close friend Lady Knollys, came as a particular blow. [117] She knighted Francis Drake after his circumnavigation of the globe from 1577 to 1580, and he won fame for his raids on Spanish ports and fleets. [91][92], In 1587, a young man calling himself Arthur Dudley was arrested on the coast of Spain under suspicion of being a spy. Elizabeth undertook her own campaign to suppress Catholicism in England, although hers was more moderate and less bloody than the one enacted by Mary. Modern History Sourcebook: Queen Elizabeth I of England (b. "Teaching Elizabeth Tudor with Movies: Film, Historical Thinking, and the Classroom,", Collinson, Patrick. The sincerity of Elizabeth's remorse and whether or not she wanted to delay the warrant have been called into question both by her contemporaries and later historians. James was Elizabeth’s first cousin twice removed. [152] Soon afterwards, a peace treaty was signed between England and Spain. Cecil wrote to James, "The subject itself is so perilous to touch amongst us as it setteth a mark upon his head forever that hatcheth such a bird". An Act of July 1536 stated that Elizabeth was "illegitimate ... and utterly foreclosed, excluded and banned to claim, challenge, or demand any inheritance as lawful heir ... to [the King] by lineal descent". Thus, it reflects her intention in matter of religious policy at the beginning of the her reign in 1558. Even though religion was a decisive topic in Europe, Elizabeth and her brother Edward were raised during the most formative years of Protestantism, this would influence her throughout her life. [82], By 1570, senior figures in the government privately accepted that Elizabeth would never marry or name a successor. Queen Elizabeth II might not have been vocal about her faith during the beginning of her reign, but as time went on her spiritual journey flourished. It was Queen Elizabeth who also established the supremacy of Protestantism in England. In this she was largely successful, for by 1603, the English nation as a population were generally Protestant, and Catholics were in the minority. [159][155] Elizabeth "agreed to sell munitions supplies to Morocco, and she and Mulai Ahmad al-Mansur talked on and off about mounting a joint operation against the Spanish". [232] Under Elizabeth, the nation gained a new self-confidence and sense of sovereignty, as Christendom fragmented. Catholic attempts on the queen’s life. The English fleet suffered a catastrophic defeat with 11,000–15,000 killed, wounded or died of disease[139][140][141] and 40 ships sunk or captured. [ Queen Elizabeth's reply to an address from five Catholic bishops] "Sirs,—As to your entreaty for us to listen to you, we have it yet, do return you this our answer. [165], The East India Company was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region and China, and received its charter from Queen Elizabeth on 31 December 1600. When he was wrongly accused by the Earl of Essex of treason out of personal pique, she could not prevent his execution, although she had been angry about his arrest and seems not to have believed in his guilt. Many of them are missing, so that one cannot understand her easily when she speaks quickly." [54], The House of Commons backed the proposals strongly, but the bill of supremacy met opposition in the House of Lords, particularly from the bishops. They landed on the island of Roanoke, off present-day North Carolina. A new generation was in power. Elizabeth gave Edmund Spenser a pension, as this was unusual for her, it indicates that she liked his work. [194] In February 1601, the earl tried to raise a rebellion in London. What were the biggest issues facing England during Queen Elizabeth I’s reign. [11], Elizabeth's first governess, Margaret Bryan, wrote that she was "as toward a child and as gentle of conditions as ever I knew any in my life". [154] [93] However, this failed to convince the Spanish: Englefield admitted to the King that Arthur's "claim at present amounts to nothing", but suggested that "he should not be allowed to get away, but [...] kept very secure. [23] However, after Parr discovered the pair in an embrace, she ended this state of affairs. Upon assuming the throne, Queen Elizabeth I restored England to Protestantism. She often wrote to Ivan the Terrible on amicable terms, though the Tsar was often annoyed by her focus on commerce rather than on the possibility of a military alliance. De Maisse: a journal of all that was accomplished by Monsieur De Maisse, ambassador in England from King Henri IV to Queen Elizabeth, anno domini 1597, Nonesuch Press, 1931, pp. For a long time, she remained silent on the matters relating to the religious crisis. Elizabeth from the start did not really back this course of action. [57], From the start of Elizabeth's reign, it was expected that she would marry and the question arose to whom. Twice she accompanied him in tickling Elizabeth, and once held her while he cut her black gown "into a thousand pieces". She was also called Good Queen Bess or the Virgin Queen or Gloriana.. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, and was the last of the Tudor dynasty of monarchs. He invited Elizabeth to inspect her troops at Tilbury in Essex on 8 August. He never returned to England. Queen Elizabeth II is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, an Anglican/Episcopalian church. [27] Mistress Kat Ashley, who was fond of Thomas Seymour, sought to convince Elizabeth to take him as her husband. But her Majesty did all by halves, and by petty invasions taught the Spaniard how to defend himself, and to see his own weakness. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures.". https://learndojo.org/gcse/edexcel-history/queen-government-religion-1558-69 She was born at Greenwich Palace, the daughter of the Tudor king Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. She became Queen in 1558 at the age of 25 after the death of her half sister Mary . [145], Although Ireland was one of her two kingdoms, Elizabeth faced a hostile, and in places virtually autonomous,[146] Irish population that adhered to Catholicism and was willing to defy her authority and plot with her enemies. "[114] On 8 February 1587, Mary was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire. Queen Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603) Adhered to the Protestant religion and restored Protestantism as the official religion. Elizabeth's first speech as queen. Queen Elizabeth I had been famous for the defeat of the Spanish Armada She had also created an Elizabethan Era in which English dramas and plays had flourished during this period. [85] At first, only Elizabeth made a virtue of her ostensible virginity: in 1559, she told the Commons, "And, in the end, this shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shall declare that a queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a virgin". In 1563, Elizabeth told an imperial envoy: "If I follow the inclination of my nature, it is this: beggar-woman and single, far rather than queen and married". The truth behind Queen Elizabeth’s white ‘clown face’ makeup. "Elizabeth I and the verdicts of history,". [29] Seymour was beheaded on 20 March 1549. The Granger Collection. However, later in her reign, it was alleged Catholic plotters were seeking to kill the Queen. In 1563 Elizabeth proposed her own suitor, Robert Dudley, as a husband for Mary, without asking either of the two people concerned. [16][15] A translation of Tacitus from Lambeth Palace Library, one of only four surviving English translations from the early modern era, was confirmed as Elizabeth's own in 2019, after a detailed analysis of the handwriting and paper was undertaken. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and half-siblings had been. An observer wrote in 1602: "Her delight is to sit in the dark, and sometimes with shedding tears to bewail Essex. After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in 1562–1563, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until 1585, when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip II. [193] She repeatedly appointed him to military posts despite his growing record of irresponsibility. Queen Elizabeth I Timeline Timeline Description: The 45-year reign of Queen Elizabeth I is heralded as a golden age in English history. The question of her legitimacy was a key concern: although she was technically illegitimate under both Protestant and Catholic law, her retroactively-declared illegitimacy under the English church was not a serious bar compared to having never been legitimate as the Catholics claimed she was. This document is a first hand document : it’s actually a letter sent by Queen Elisabeth to some English bishops. [76] In the years around 1559 a Dano-English protestant alliance was considered,[77] and to counter Sweden's proposal, Frederick II proposed to Elizabeth in late 1559. In his absence, a Catholic League army almost destroyed the remains of his army at Craon, north-west France, in May 1591. "The metaphor of drama is an appropriate one for Elizabeth's reign, for her power was an illusion—and an illusion was her power. [35] Elizabeth's supporters in the government, including Lord Paget, convinced Mary to spare her sister in the absence of hard evidence against her. [58][59] She considered several suitors until she was about fifty. [62] It was said that Amy Robsart, his wife, was suffering from a "malady in one of her breasts" and that the Queen would like to marry Dudley if his wife should die. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570 and released her subjects from obedience to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service. [147] In the course of a series of uprisings, Crown forces pursued scorched-earth tactics, burning the land and slaughtering man, woman and child. On 12 July 1588, the Spanish Armada, a great fleet of ships, set sail for the channel, planning to ferry a Spanish invasion force under the Duke of Parma to the coast of southeast England from the Netherlands. [79] Elizabeth seems to have taken the courtship seriously for a time, and wore a frog-shaped earring that Anjou had sent her.[80]. [167] In her last years, mounting criticism reflected a decline in the public's affection for her. Doran, Susan, and Thomas S. Freeman, eds. It was during this time that Puritanism, a new reform movement held by the protestants started in England. Religious policy: When Elizabeth came to the throne, England was at cross roads in matters of religion while the people were inclined towards protestantism. It also extended Spanish influence along the channel coast of France, where the Catholic League was strong, and exposed England to invasion. Jane was proclaimed queen by the privy council, but her support quickly crumbled, and she was deposed after nine days. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. Elizabeth considered marriage to two French Valois princes in turn, first Henry, Duke of Anjou, and later, from 1572 to 1581, his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon. [217][218] Historians of that period, such as J. E. Neale (1934) and A. L. Rowse (1950), interpreted Elizabeth's reign as a golden age of progress. Many fled for their own safety to Protestant states in Europe. Elizabeth I was one of the most famous queens England ever had. Public tributes to the Virgin by 1578 acted as a coded assertion of opposition to the queen's marriage negotiations with the Duke of Alençon. [222] Rather than as a brave defender of the Protestant nations against Spain and the Habsburgs, she is more often regarded as cautious in her foreign policies. If Mary and her child died, Elizabeth would become queen. Elizabeth 1 wanted her Church to be popular with her people, and for Catholicism to die out naturally as people turned to the religion she had established. [108] In the belief that the revolt had been successful, Pope Pius V issued a bull in 1570, titled Regnans in Excelsis, which declared "Elizabeth, the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime" to be excommunicated and a heretic, releasing all her subjects from any allegiance to her. "She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island," marvelled Pope Sixtus V, "and yet she makes herself feared by Spain, by France, by the Empire, by all". Gilbert's relative Sir Walter Raleigh explored the Atlantic Coast and claimed the territory of Virginia, perhaps named in honour of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen". With Queen Elizabeth on the throne, the pendulum swung back toward Protestantism. Godfrey Goodman, Bishop of Gloucester, recalled: "When we had experience of a Scottish government, the Queen did seem to revive. Elizabeth continued to maintain the diplomatic relations with the Tsardom of Russia that were originally established by her half-brother, Edward VI. [185] The notion of a great Elizabethan era depends largely on the builders, dramatists, poets, and musicians who were active during Elizabeth's reign. At the same time, a new Act of Uniformity was passed, which made attendance at church and the use of an adapted version of the 1552 Book of Common Prayer compulsory, though the penalties for recusancy, or failure to attend and conform, were not extreme. By the 1620s, there was a nostalgic revival of the cult of Elizabeth. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. Introduction • Early life • Personnal skills • Balance of power • Leadership • Majesty and mildness • Tolerance • Ruthlessness • Women’s power • … The result was just as dismal. Letter to Mary, Queen of Scots, 23 June 1567." The darker side of Elizabeth I Elizabeth I is regarded by many as one of England's greatest monarchs, whose reign laid the foundations of England's greatness. [2] One of her mottoes was "video et taceo" ("I see and keep silent"). Facts about Elizabeth 1 6: religion. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. Susan Doran teaches at Oxford University and is the author of Elizabeth I and Religion 1558–1603 (Routledge, 1993) and Queen Elizabeth I … She had earlier been responsible for the imprisonment and execution of James's mother, Mary, Queen of Scots. Her last courtship was with Francis, Duke of Anjou, 22 years her junior. Queen Elizabeth I wanted to build a stable, peaceful nation with a strong government, free from the influence of foreign powers in matters of the church and the state. 62 Religion and Power: A Comparison of Queen Elizabeth I and Catherine de Medici 1 A.G. Dickens and Dorothy Carr, ed., The Reformation in England to the Accession of Elizabeth I (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1968), 64. [109] The papal bull provoked legislative initiatives against Catholics by Parliament, which were, however, mitigated by Elizabeth's intervention. She has published and edited sixteen books, most notably Elizabeth I and Religion, 1558-1603, Monarchy and Matrimony and Queen Elizabeth I, part of the British Library's Historic Lives series. [223], Elizabeth established an English church that helped shape a national identity and remains in place today. At her funeral on 28 April, the coffin was taken to Westminster Abbey on a hearse drawn by four horses hung with black velvet. Elizabeth was fortunate that many bishoprics were vacant at the time, including the Archbishopric of Canterbury. Most modern historians have considered murder unlikely; breast cancer and suicide being the most widely accepted explanations (Doran. In 1591, the campaign of John Norreys, who led 3,000 men to Brittany, was even more of a disaster. What happened next would change the course of history. [110] Many suffered execution, engendering a cult of martyrdom. In March, Elizabeth fell sick and remained in a "settled and unremovable melancholy", and sat motionless on a cushion for hours on end. A canopy was carried at the ceremony over the three-day old child by her uncle Viscount Rochford, Lord Hussey, Lord Thomas Howard, and Lord Howard of Effingham. An element of piracy and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, over whom the queen had little control.[118][119]. Queen Elizabeth was one of the reasons that William Shakespeare, the famous playwright, was such a success. Engraving from 1608. Retha Warnicke, "Why Elizabeth I Never Married,". [115] After Mary's execution, Elizabeth claimed that she had not intended for the signed execution warrant to be dispatched, and blamed her Secretary, William Davison, for implementing it without her knowledge. Elizabeth I Becomes Queen Mary died on November 17, 1558, and Elizabeth inherited the throne, the third and final of Henry VIII’s children to do so. Between 1594 and 1603, Elizabeth faced her most severe test in Ireland during the Nine Years' War, a revolt that took place at the height of hostilities with Spain, who backed the rebel leader, Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone. [84], Elizabeth's unmarried status inspired a cult of virginity related to that of the Virgin Mary. [202] When Robert Cecil told her that she must go to bed, she snapped: "Must is not a word to use to princes, little man." His political mantle passed to his son, Robert Cecil, who soon became the leader of the government. [94] He was taken to Madrid for investigation, where he was examined by Francis Englefield, a Catholic aristocrat exiled to Spain and secretary to King Philip II. Both proved unenthusiastic,[104] and in 1565 Mary married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who carried his own claim to the English throne. Elizabeth fervently protested her innocence. The exception was the English occupation of Le Havre from October 1562 to June 1563, which ended in failure when Elizabeth's Huguenot allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port. “The Children of Henry VIII: Paperback.” Barnes & Noble, Random House Publishing Group, 28 July 1997, www.barnesandnoble.com/w/children-of-henry-viii-alison-weir/1101378971. In April she prorogued the Parliament, which did not reconvene until she needed its support to raise taxes in 1566. [67] There were even rumours that the nobility would rise if the marriage took place. [123] He enraged Elizabeth by accepting the post of Governor-General from the Dutch States General. Her procession into London and coronation were masterpieces of political statement and planning, and her accession was treated warmly by many in England who hoped for greater religious toleration. [41] This interview was conducted at Hatfield House, where she had returned to live in October 1555. Queen Elizabeth II – Her Political Beliefs. Mary's closest confidant, Charles V's ambassador Simon Renard, argued that her throne would never be safe while Elizabeth lived; and the Chancellor, Stephen Gardiner, worked to have Elizabeth put on trial. Because of the Queen, and the fact that she was a woman doing a job normally thought of as a man's, it led to Shakespeare putting women in his plays that are both heroic as well as tyrannical. (In here, as in many of her statements, she uses the words "Prince", "King", and "Queen" interchangeably). Elizabeth’s early years were not auspicious. Even though religion was a decisive topic in Europe, Elizabeth and her brother Edward were raised during the most formative years of Protestantism, this would influence her throughout her life. At birth, Elizabeth was the heir presumptive to the throne of England. Elizabeth's first instinct was to restore her fellow monarch; but she and her council instead chose to play safe. [22] Thomas Seymour engaged in romps and horseplay with the 14-year-old Elizabeth, including entering her bedroom in his nightgown, tickling her, and slapping her on the buttocks. [24] In May 1548, Elizabeth was sent away. [2], Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace and was named after her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Elizabeth Howard. und das fünfte und letzte Mitglied der Tudor-Dynastie auf dem englischen Thron. [71] Still, Dudley always "remained at the centre of [Elizabeth's] emotional life", as historian Susan Doran has described the situation. Crowds cheered her all along the way. Elizabeth and her advisers perceived the threat of a Catholic crusade against heretical England. As for all such expeditions, Elizabeth was unwilling to invest in the supplies and reinforcements requested by the commanders. [161], Diplomatic relations were also established with the Ottoman Empire with the chartering of the Levant Company and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the Porte, William Harborne, in 1578. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession. Historians have speculated that Thomas Seymour had put her off sexual relationships. [232], Queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until 24 March 1603, For other uses and people with similar names, see, These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 20 June 2015. [126] This public humiliation of her "Lieutenant-General" combined with her continued talks for a separate peace with Spain,[127] irreversibly undermined his standing among the Dutch. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer and a dogged survivor in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. Her sister, Mary, may have marked out a new path as England’s first queen regnant; but Elizabeth broke entirely new ground as an unmarried one. Queen Elizabeths religion? The Scottish lords forced her to abdicate in favour of her son James VI, who had been born in June 1566. Get a verified writer to help you with Queen Elizabeth 1st on Religion. [219] Neale and Rowse also idealised the Queen personally: she always did everything right; her more unpleasant traits were ignored or explained as signs of stress. Since the reign of Henry VIII, Elizabeth’s father, religion had been a point of conflict. 1533, r. 1558-1603) Selected Writing and peeches Behind these texts is the difficulty Elizabeth I had in ensuring stability in the present, and security for the future. By the terms of the treaty, both English and French troops withdrew from Scotland. James VI of Scotland inherited the throne of England. The new state religion was condemned at the time in such terms as "a cloaked papistry, or mingle mangle". [130] Sir Walter Raleigh claimed after her death that Elizabeth's caution had impeded the war against Spain: If the late queen would have believed her men of war as she did her scribes, we had in her time beaten that great empire in pieces and made their kings of figs and oranges as in old times. Elizabeth was placed in his household and carried the chrisom, or baptismal cloth, at his christening. [208] Expectations of King James started high but then declined. Without her ambitious personality, she would not … Queen Elizabeth I accomplished a great victory over the Spanish Armada. Shortly afterwards, on 15 May 1567, Mary married Bothwell, arousing suspicions that she had been party to the murder of her husband. Queen Elizabeth believed in a catholic god. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Elizabeth had good reason not to place too much trust in her commanders, who once in action tended, as she put it herself, "to be transported with an haviour of vainglory". [135] The conflicts with Spain and in Ireland dragged on, the tax burden grew heavier, and the economy was hit by poor harvests and the cost of war. Elizabeth's intention had been to exchange Le Havre for Calais, lost to France in January 1558. [39], King Philip, who ascended the Spanish throne in 1556, acknowledged the new political reality and cultivated his sister-in-law. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler,[4] who enjoyed more than her share of luck. "There were no less than ten sees unrepresented through death or illness and the carelessness of 'the accursed cardinal' [Pole]". If, on the other hand, Mary gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply. In poetry and portraiture, she was depicted as a virgin or a goddess or both, not as a normal woman. [143] Lord Willoughby, largely ignoring Elizabeth's orders, roamed northern France to little effect, with an army of 4,000 men. Elizabeth saw this as a Dutch ploy to force her to accept sovereignty over the Netherlands,[124] which so far she had always declined. After Elizabeth's own death, a note from him was found among her most personal belongings, marked "his last letter" in her handwriting. This time was known as her greatest period of reign in history. Elizabeth's Most Important Achievements over her Reign 1. Modern History Sourcebook: Queen Elizabeth I of England (b. The outcome was the Treaty of Nonsuch of August 1585, in which Elizabeth promised military support to the Dutch. [163] To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy. [55][56] This enabled supporters amongst peers to outvote the bishops and conservative peers.
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