[40], In December 1741, von Schwerin had captured Olomouc; Frederick took Kłodzko, before moving onto Židlochovice in March 1742. [126] The convoy was intercepted by Anson on 3 May, and in the first Battle of Cape Finisterre, British admiral George Anson's fourteen ships of the line wiped out the French escort of six ships of the line and three armed Indiamen, although in the meantime the merchant ships escaped. [41] In early May, he took the offensive, and moved into North-East Bohemia; by 16 May, he had 10,000 infantry at Kutná Hora, and another 18,000 men under Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau a day's march behind.[42]. After an inconclusive clash off Negapatnam in July 1746, Edward Peyton, Barnett's successor, withdrew to Bengal, leaving Bourdonnais unopposed on the Coromandel Coast. Charles VII's son and heir, Maximilian III in Bavaria was not even considered a candid… [125], After the failure of the British invasions and a Spanish counter invasion of Georgia in 1742, belligerent naval actions in the Caribbean were left to the privateers of both sides. Sardinia had allied herself with Austria in the Convention of Turin and at the same time neither state was at war with France and this led to curious complications, combats being fought in the Isère valley between the troops of Sardinia and of Spain, in which the French took no part. Since the war in Northern Italy was largely fought to support Spanish aims, this left the Netherlands as the only remaining theatre where France could achieve strategic victory. Prussia occupied Silesia in 1740 and repulsed Austrian efforts to regain it, and between 1745 and 1748, France conquered most of the Austrian Netherlands. French land forces went on to make several attacks on the British settlement at Cuddalore, but the eventual replacement of the negligent Peyton by Thomas Griffin resulted in a return to British naval supremacy which put the French on the defensive. [101] Consequently, the Genoese Republic signed a secret treaty with the Bourbon allies of France, Spain and Naples. A swift march on Piacenza drew the Austrian commander thither and in his absence the allies fell upon and completely defeated the Sardinians at Bassignano on 27 September 1745, a victory which was quickly followed by the capture of Alessandria, Valenza and Casale Monferrato. Early in 1747 a second expedition laid siege to Fort St David but withdrew on the arrival of a British naval squadron in March. It was the last European war to feature the traditional alliance blocks that dominated the previous two hundred years, … In 1742 the French threatened the Austrian Netherlands, a region ruled by Austria, and the Dutch Republic or the United Provinces. With the arrival of a naval squadron under Admiral Boscawen, carrying troops and artillery, the British went on the offensive, laying siege to Pondichéry. [102] A change in the command of the Austrians, encouraged the Bourbon allies to strike first in the spring of 1745. For British statesmen, the war demonstrated the vulnerability of George II's German possession of Hanover to Prussia, and many politicians considered they had received little benefit from the enormous subsidies paid to Austria. Paperback. The war arose out of the attempt of the Austrian Habsburgs to win back the rich province of Silesia, which had been wrested from them by Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48). Following their 1746 alliance with Austria, an army of 30,000 Russians [ru] marched from Livonia to the Rhine, but arrived too late to be of use. In North America the conflict was known in the British colonies as King George's War, and did not begin until after formal war declarations of France and Britain reached the colonies in May 1744. Here, French commander, the duc de Noailles, positioned 23,000 troops under his nephew, the duc de Gramont, whose mistakes prevented an Allied defeat. [122] Administrative and financial reforms made it stronger in 1750 than 1740, while its strategic position was strengthened through installing Habsburgs as rulers of key territories in Northwest Germany, the Rhineland and Northern Italy. Although Mathews prevented them exiting the Mediterranean and supporting the invasion attempt, he was forced to retreat, which led to his dismissal. [78], After 1745, Germany ceased to be an active military theatre; although Frederick knew Maria Theresa still intended to regain Silesia, both sides needed a period of peace in order to re-organise. The year ended with Saxony agreeing a pact of mutual defence with Austria, leaving Prussia isolated, and facing a renewed offensive as Maria Theresa sought to regain Silesia. Prior to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Spain and Austria had been ruled by the same (Habsburg) royal house. The Action of 14 June 1742 was a minor naval battle of the War of the Austrian Succession in which a small British squadron under Captain Richard Norris burned 5 Spanish royal galleys at the French port of Saint Tropez. 4.6 out of 5 stars 21. Paperback. [75], As a result, France made no effort to block the election of Duke Francis, who was proclaimed Emperor Francis I on 13 September. With French support, Prussia doubled in size with the acquisition of Silesia but twice made peace without informing their ally; Louis XV already disliked Frederick and now viewed him as untrustworthy. He was followed, but when the British force came in sight of him Navarro had been joined by a French squadron under Claude-Elisée de La Bruyère de Court (December 1741). His victory enhanced the suspicion in Europe that the Habsburg dominions were incapable of defending themselves and thus ensured that the war would become general. The war in the Alps and the Apennines had already been keenly contested before the Prince of Conti and the Gallispan army had come down out of the Alps. On 20 October 1740 the death of the last male Habsburg, the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI (ruled 1711 – 1740), precipitated a major European war for the succession both to his territories and to the elected position of emperor. [34], Apparently close to defeat, on 21 September Maria Theresa made an emotional speech to the Hungarian Diet in Pressburg. Maastricht surrendered on 7 May and on 18 October 1748, the war ended with the signing of the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. After defeating the Jacobite Rebellion at Culloden in April, the British launched a diversionary raid on Lorient in an unsuccessful attempt to divert French forces, while the new Austrian commander, Prince Charles of Lorraine, was defeated by Saxe at the Battle of Rocoux in October. Mahé de la Bourdonnais's attack on Madras partook largely of the nature of a privateering venture. However, when this provisional relationship was given a more durable and reliable character in the signing of the Treaty of Worms (1743) signed on 13 September 1743,[100] the government of Genoa became fearful. The War of the Austrian Succession had broken out. [38], On 17 January, von Khevenhüller defeated a Bavarian army at Schärding; a week later, 10,000 French soldiers surrendered at Linz. Frederick managed to divide his two main opponents, but Bestuzhev-Ryumin remained in place, leaving the overall position unchanged. They also increased the number of ports they visited and reduced the predictability of their voyages. [44] This suited Frederick, who was short of money and men and also suspected France was preparing a separate peace. [47] Divided at the top, and their troops weakened by disease, the Franco-Bavarian forces offered limited resistance to the Austrian advance; on 9 May, the Bavarians were defeated outside Simbach, by Charles of Lorraine. [69], Charles' son and heir, Max Joseph made one last effort to drive the Austrians out of Bavaria, but his demoralised and ill-equipped army was out-manoeuvered by Count Batthyány, while a Franco-Bavarian army was defeated at Pfaffenhofen on 15 April. Soon Genoa revolted from the oppressive rule of the victors, rose and drove out the Austrians on 5–11 December 1746. [123], Of the other combatants, Spain retained its predominance in Spanish America and made minor gains in Northern Italy. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This was the opening War of the Austrian Succession which eventually involved the major powers of Europe. At Lauffeld on 2 July 1747, Saxe won another victory over a British and Dutch army under the Prince of Orange and Cumberland; the French then besieged Maastricht and Bergen op Zoom, which fell in September. Paperback. He was worried that if he did not move to occupy the region… The latter was promptly and heavily reinforced and all that the Spaniards could do was to entrench themselves at Piacenza, Philip, the Spanish Infante as supreme commander calling up Maillebois to his aid. The 1703 Mutual Pact of Succession agreed if the Habsburgs became extinct in the male line, their possessions would go first to female heirs of the elder brother, Emperor Joseph I, then those of Charles.
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