[25] One of the most accessible versions was the 1978 television production by the BBC of the play, shown as part of "The Shakespeare Plays" (a several years-long project to put all of Shakespeare's plays on tape). He spends too much of his time pursuing the latest Italian fashions, spending money on his close friends, and raising taxes to fund his pet wars in Ireland and elsewhere. The play ends with the rise of Bolingbroke to the throne, marking the start of a new era in England. King Richard II von William Shakespeare Seltene Bücher gebraucht und günstig kaufen. Und George Herzog von Clarence, und er ist entschlossen, den Thron zu nehmen und jeden auf seinem Weg zu zerstören, um sicherzustellen, dass er sicher bleibt. [4], A somewhat more complicated case is presented by the anonymous play sometimes known as The First Part of Richard II. This image of kingship gradually fades as Bolingbroke's rebellion continues. Executing both Bushy and Green, Bolingbroke wins over the Duke of York, whom Richard has left in charge of his government in his absence. From the minute Bolingbroke comes into power, he destroys the faithful supporters of Richard such as Bushy, Green and the Earl of Wiltshire. The fourth quarto, published in 1608, includes a version of the deposition scene shorter than the one later printed, presumably from a prompt-book, in the 1623 First Folio. The names of Judas and Pilate are used to further extend this comparison. Ace your assignments with our guide to Richard II! ", "David Tennant to play Richard II in RSC's winter season", "The Tragedy of King Richard the Second, Almeida, review: a Simon Russell Beale masterclass, but an irksome production", with the life and death of Henry surnamed Hotspur. [2] Edward Hall's The Union of the Two Illustrious Families of Lancaster and York appears also to have been consulted,[3] and scholars have also supposed Shakespeare familiar with Samuel Daniel's poem on the civil wars. Děj je založený na životě anglického krále Richarda II. [7] Critic John R. Elliott Jr. notes that this particular history play can be distinguished from the other history plays because it contains an ulterior political purpose. Richard II, chronicle play in five acts by William Shakespeare, written in 1595–96 and published in a quarto edition in 1597 and in the First Folio. [12] Hayward had dedicated his version to Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex and when Essex was arrested for rebellion in February 1601 Hayward had already been imprisoned, to strengthen the case against the earl for "incitement to the deposing of the Queen". Zusammenfassung Oxford School Shakespeare is an acclaimed edition especially designed for students, with accessible on-page notes and explanatory illustrations, clear background information, and rigorous but accessible scholarly credentials. At the start of Richard II Bolingbroke accuses Mowbray and ulteriorly attacks the government of King Richard. — Richard II, Act 4 Scene 1 King Henry IV's rule (and his dealings with his son, Hal, who eventually becomes King Henry V) are the subject of Shakespeare's plays, Henry IV Part 1 and Henry IV Part 2 . Connecting Richard III from the first tetralogy, in which Richard killed cousin, uncle, and nephew to Henry V. Finally concluding the play of two clusters when Henry willingly put his figurative brothers and father to death, in order to become an effective king. [11], In his analysis of medieval political theology, The King’s Two Bodies, Ernst Kantorowicz describes medieval kings as containing two bodies: a body natural, and a body politic. [17], It is said that on 30 September 1607, the crew of Capt. NORTHUMBERLAND That were some love but little policy. In the presence of King Richard, Henry Bolingbroke (who would eventually be Henry IV) accuses Thomas Mowbray (Duke of Norfolk) of embezzling crown funds and of plotting the death of his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester. Crowning himself King Henry IV, he has Richard taken prisoner to the castle of Pomfret. Richard places great emphasis on symbols which govern his behaviour. Shakespeare’s Richard II presents a momentous struggle between Richard II and his cousin Henry Bolingbroke.Richard is the legitimate king; he succeeded his grandfather, King Edward III, after the earlier death of his father Edward, the Black Prince. Heinrich Percy, mit dem Beinamen Heißsporn, sein Sohn. This play treats the events leading up to the start of Shakespeare's play (though the two texts do not have identical characters). Stirbt kurz danach. No film version for cinema release has ever been made; however, the 1949 film Train of Events includes a sub-plot featuring an amateur dramatics society performing the last scenes of Richard II. In constructing Richard II, Shakespeare most likely relied upon the Chronicles of Froissart, and, primarily, Holinshed's Chronicles, but he altered and embellished the material found in these sources.Overall, the Richard II found in Shakespeare's play differs little from the Richard in the histories of Holinshed and Froissart. Bolingbroke's father, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, meanwhile, believes it was Richard himself who was responsible for his brother's murder. Richard II. Bullough, Geoffrey. Graf von Northumberland. This play, which exists in one incomplete manuscript copy (at the British Museum) is subtitled Thomas of Woodstock, and it is by this name that scholars since F. S. Boas have usually called it. The play was next published in the First Folio in 1623. But at the start of Henry IV , Part I, it seems that no time has passed since the death of Richard. A summary of Part X (Section2) in William Shakespeare's Richard III. [13] Critic J. Dover Wilson notes that Richard's double nature as man and martyr is the dilemma that runs through the play eventually leading to Richard's death. Traditionally, Shakespeare uses prose to distinguish social classes – the upper class generally speaks in poetry while the lower classes speak in prose. QUEEN Banish us both and send the king with me. Shakespeare's play appears to have played a minor role in the events surrounding the final downfall of Essex. He has been forced to give up his jewels, losing his kingly appearance. Graf von Worcester. Neither expedient prevented the play from being "silenc'd on the third day," as Tate wrote in his preface. [26] More recently, the play was staged by Trevor Nunn in modern costume at the Old Vic in 2005, with Kevin Spacey in the title role, and by Michael Grandage at the Donmar Warehouse in 2011–12 with Eddie Redmayne in the title role. Bolingbroke seems to be a leader coming into power at a time England is in turmoil, and follows closely the formula stated by Machiavelli. In Richard II, where there is no prose, Richard uses flowery, metaphorical language in his speeches whereas Bolingbroke, who is also of the noble class, uses a more plain and direct language. König Richard, der nicht zuletzt wegen seines Redeanteils aus der großen Vielzahl der Figuren deutlich herausragt, wird von Shakespeare als durch und durch verdorbener Intrigant und Tyrann charakterisiert, der vor Lüge und Brudermord nicht zurückschreckt, wenn es um Macht geht. At 1.3.277 , for example, when Bolingbroke expresses his dismay at the sentence of banishment passed on him by King Richard, he does so at one point through elaborate puns: Machiavelli wrote The Prince during a time of political chaos in Italy, and writes down a formula by which a leader can lead the country out of turmoil and return it to prosperity. The commoners, fond of Bolingbroke and angry at Richard's mismanagement of the country, welcome his invasion and join his forces. They then help Bolingbroke to return secretly to England, with a plan to overthrow Richard. The play had limited popularity in the early twentieth century, but John Gielgud exploded onto the world's theatrical consciousness, through his performance as Richard at the Old Vic Theatre in 1929, returning to the character in 1937 and 1953 in what ultimately was considered as the definitive performance of the role. Nach Absprache mit Richard soll sein Getreuer, der Herzog von Buckingham, in London Stimmung gegen den verstorbenen König und seine Söhne machen, doch ist Buckinghams Rede an das Volk ein Fehlschlag. He always speaks in tropes using analogies such as the sun as a symbol of his kingly status. Shakespeare uses lengthy verses, metaphors, similes, and soliloquies to reflect Richard's character as a man who likes to analyse situations rather than act upon them. The first three quartos (printed in 1597 and 1598, commonly assumed to have been prepared from Shakespeare's holograph) lack the deposition scene. As the play concludes, we see that the reign of the new King Henry IV has started off inauspiciously. Since Clarence's full name is Geor… Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. (Its sequel plays are Henry IV, Parts 1 & 2, and Henry V.) Richard II, set around the year 1398, traces the fall from power of the last king of the house of Plantagenet, Richard II, and his replacement by the first Lancaster king, Henry IV (Henry Bolingbroke). In Richard II besides the usual blank verse (unrhymed pentameters) there are long stretches of heroic couplets (pairs of rhymed pentameters). Biblical references are used to liken the humbled king to the humbled Christ. verweist seinen Cousin, den Widersacher Henry Bolingbroke, des Landes. Der Graf von Westmorland bestätigt, dass es sich um eine dringende Aufgabe handelt. ist eines von Shakespeares Königsdramen und das erste Stück der sogenannten Lancaster-Tetralogie. Bolingbroke is originally sentenced to ten years' banishment, but Richard reduces this to six years upon seeing John of Gaunt's grieving face, while Mowbray is banished permanently. There is no external evidence for this hypothesis, however, and the title page of the 1608 quarto refers to a "lately acted" deposition scene (although, again, this could be due to earlier censorship which was later relaxed). There, an assassin, who both is and is not acting upon King Henry's ambivalent wishes for Richard's expedient death, murders the former king. je historická hra Williama Shakespeara napsaná kolem roku 1595. At the coast of Wales, Richard has just returned from a trip to Ireland and kisses the soil of England, demonstrating his kingly attachment to his kingdom. King Richard II. Richard starts to forget his kingly nature as his mind becomes occupied by the rebellion. Mowbray predicts that the king will sooner or later fall at the hands of Bolingbroke. Samuel Schoenbaum contests that Hayward had written his work prior to Richard II, joking that "there is nothing like a hypothetical manuscript to resolve an awkwardness of chronology", as Hayward noted he had written the work several years before its publication. Also, Bolingbroke is highly concerned with the maintenance of legality to the kingdom, an important principle of Machiavellian philosophy, and therefore makes Richard surrender his crown and physical accessories to erase any doubt as to the real heir to the throne. Richard gives a short speech detailing his plot against his brother Clarence, who comes before him as heir to the throne of England. Upon Richard's return, Bolingbroke not only reclaims his lands but lays claim to the very throne. "Richard II or Richard III or...", Richard II, John Dover Wilson, Cambridge University Press, 1951, Richmond, Hugh M. "Personal Identity and Literary Personae: A Study in Historical Psychology,". It is the first part of a tetralogy, referred to by some scholars as the Henriad, followed by three plays about Richard's successors: Henry IV, Part 1; Henry IV, Part 2; and Henry V. It is based on the life of King Richard II of England (ruled 1377–1399) and chronicles his downfall and the machinations of his nobles. Duchess of York – York's wife (an unnamed composite of York's first wife. The Life and Death of King Richard the Second, commonly called Richard II, is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to have been written around 1595. There remain, however, subjects who continue to be faithful to the king, among them Bushy, Bagot, Green and the Duke of Aumerle (son of the Duke of York), cousin of both Richard and Bolingbroke. Tate attempted to mask his version, called The Sicilian Usurper, with a foreign setting; he attempted to blunt his criticism of the Stuart court by highlighting Richard's noble qualities and downplaying his weaknesses. It has a double complementary plot describing the fall of Richard II and the rise of Bolingbroke, later known as Henry IV. Heinrich, Prinz von Wales. King Henry hypocritically repudiates the murderer and vows to journey to Jerusalem to cleanse himself of his part in Richard's death. Richard II, written around 1595, is the first play in Shakespeare's second "history tetralogy," a series of four plays that chronicles the rise of the house of Lancaster to the British throne. [13], Many critics agree that in Richard II, this central theme of the king's two bodies unfolds in three main scenes: the scenes at the Coast of Wales, at Flint Castle, and at Westminster. Stattdessen ist es an der Zeit, ein englisches Heer zusammenzustellen und endlich nach Jerusalem zu ziehen, um die Heiden von den heiligen christlichen Stätten zu vertreiben. [18], The play was performed at the Globe on 12 June 1631. However at Westminster the image of the divine kingship is supported by the Bishop of Carlisle rather than Richard, who at this point is becoming mentally unstable as his authority slips away. It begins with King Richard sitting majestically on his throne in full state, having been requested to arbitrate a dispute between Thomas Mowbray and Richard's cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, who has accused Mowbray of squandering money given to him by Richard for the king's soldiers and of murdering Bolingbroke's uncle, the Duke of Gloucester. Using an order signed by their brother, King Edward, Richard has two murderers enter the Tower and stab Clarence to death. John of Gaunt. Aumerle and others plan a rebellion against the new king, but York discovers his son's treachery and reveals it to Henry, who spares Aumerle as a result of the intercession of the Duchess of York while executing the other conspirators. The normal structure of Shakespearean tragedy is modified to portray a central political theme: the rise of Bolingbroke to the throne and the conflict between Richard and Bolingbroke over the kingship. Richard II died in 1400, and Shakespeare ends Richard II with Henry just beginning his reign. Richard has a cousin, named Henry Bolingbroke, who is a great favorite among the English commoners. The dead uncle whose lands Richard seizes was the father of Bolingbroke; when Bolingbroke learns that Richard has stolen what should have been his inheritance, it is the straw that breaks the camel's back. On Saturday 7th February 1601, when the aged Queen Elizabeth was just two years from her death, Shakespeare’s company was asked to perform the play ‘Richard II’ at the Globe Theatre. Common Questions About Shakespeare’s Richard II Richard is imprisoned in the remote castle of Pomfret in the north of England, where he is left to ruminate upon his downfall. Additionally the role was played by Mark Rylance at the Globe Theatre in 2003. The play spans only the last two years of Richard's life, from 1398 to 1400. mit einer unglaublichen Überzeugungskraf… [30] It has been released as a Cineplex Odeon special worldwide movie event. By the time Richard returns from Ireland, he has already lost his grasp on his country. Yet, Irving Ribner still notes a few incidents where Bolingbroke does not follow true Machiavellian philosophy, such as his failure to destroy Aumerle, but such incidents are minuscule compared to the bigger events of the play. "A New History for Shakespeare and His Time. Shakespeare's primary source for Richard II, as for most of his chronicle histories, was Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande; the publication of the second edition in 1587 provides a terminus post quem for the play. Richard ist der Bruder von König Edward IV. One by one, Richard's allies in the nobility desert him and defect to Bolingbroke's side as Bolingbroke marches through England. Doch gerade als man am T… Deshalb ändern sie ihren Plan: Buckingham überzeugt den Bürgermeister von London, dass Richard nach des Volkes Willen König werden soll. Elizabeth was aware of the political ramifications of the story of Richard II: according to a well-known but dubious anecdote, in August 1601 she was reviewing historical documents relating to the reign of Richard II when she supposedly remarked to her archivist William Lambarde, "I am Richard II, know ye not that?" After examining his plain physical appearance, Richard shatters the mirror on the ground and thus relinquishes his past and present as king. The excursion to the Holy Land is still in Henry's mind, and the action seems to take up right where it left off in Richard II . Richard II is … The play is the first in a sequence of four history plays known collectively as the ‘second tetralogy.’ In acts IV and V, Shakespeare includes incidents irrelevant to the fate of Richard, which are later resolved in the future plays of the Richard II–Henry V tetralogy. William Keeling acted Richard II aboard the British East India Company ship The Red Dragon, off Sierra Leone, but the authenticity of this record is doubted. Personen. King Henry repudiates the murderer and vows to journey to Jerusalem to cleanse himself of his part in Richard's death. Traditionally, it has been supposed that the quartos lack the deposition scene because of censorship, either from the playhouse or by the Master of the Revels Edmund Tylney and that the Folio version may better reflect Shakespeare's original intentions. The production, directed by Richard Cottrell, toured Britain and Europe, featuring in the Edinburgh Festival in 1969 and on BBC TV in 1970. The language of Richard II is more eloquent than that of the earlier history plays, and serves to set the tone and themes of the play. Before Richard is sent to his death, he "un-kings" himself by giving away his crown, sceptre, and the balm that is used to anoint a king to the throne. The Almeida Theatre, Islington, London, produced the play with Simon Russell Beale in the lead role in 2019. I have, my liege. John of Gaunt dies and Richard seizes all of his land and money. [16], Another commissioned performance of a different type occurred at the Globe Theatre on 7 Feb. 1601. Some of Shakespeare’s plays use puns routinely; in Richard II they are used very sparingly but complexly. [citation needed] Another legendary Richard was Maurice Evans, who first played the role at the Old Vic in 1934 and then created a sensation in his 1937 Broadway performance, revived it in New York in 1940 and then immortalised it on television for the Hallmark Hall of Fame in 1954. You can view our. There are also great differences in the use of language amongst the characters. Jahrhunderts sowie literarische Werke (Dramen, ein Versepos, der Fürstenspiegel The Mirror for Magistrates) und die volkstümliche Überlieferung. In 1997, Fiona Shaw played the role as a man. According to historical research, an English translation of Machiavelli's The Prince might have existed as early as 1585, influencing the reigns of the kings of England. Elliott goes on further to point out that it is Bolingbroke's ability to relate and speak with those of the middle and lower classes that allows him to take the throne.[10]. Richard II exists in a number of variations. An often overlooked production, the lead actor handles the character in, as The Guardian noted, perhaps the most vulnerable way ever seen. Richard acts the part of a royal martyr, and due to the spilling of his blood, England continually undergoes civil war for the next two generations.[14]. He crowns himself King Henry IV and Richard is taken into prison to the castle of Pomfret. Umfangreiches Material über Richard II. Er hat George ermordet und der sehr kranke Edward IV. und seine Regierungszeit boten ihm jedoch die Chroniken des 16. This version, still available on DVD, starred Derek Jacobi as Richard, with John Gielgud making an appearance as John of Gaunt. [22][23][24] In 1974, Ian Richardson and Richard Pasco alternated the roles of Richard and Bolingbroke in a production from John Barton at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre: thirty years later this was still a standard by which performances were being judged. Weep thou for me in France, I for thee here; Better far off than near, be ne'er the near. Inhalt: König Richard II. Elliott argues that this mistaken notion of his role as king ultimately leads to Richard's failure. On 7 February 1601, just before the uprising, supporters of the Earl of Essex, among them Charles and Joscelyn Percy (younger brothers of the Earl of Northumberland), paid for a performance at the Globe Theatre on the eve of their armed rebellion. In England, Paul Scofield, who played it at the Old Vic in 1952, was considered the definitive Richard of more modern times. At Flint castle, Richard is determined to hang onto his kingship even though the title no longer fits his appearance. This was the performance paid for by supporters of the Earl of Essex's planned revolt (see Historical Context above). The king's decision can be seen as the first mistake in a series leading eventually to his overthrow and death, since it is an error which highlights many of his character flaws, displaying as it does indecisiveness (in terms of whether to allow the duel to go ahead), abruptness (Richard waits until the last possible moment to cancel the duel), and arbitrariness (there is no apparent reason why Bolingbroke should be allowed to return and Mowbray not). König Heinrich IV. [32], sfn error: no target: CITEREFForker2002 (, Shapiro, I. Synopsis. Originaldokumente aus dem behandelten Geschichtsabschnitt (13981400) standen Shakespeare nicht zur Verfügung. Richard asks Clarence what the reason for his arrest is. ), Werstine, Paul and Mowat, Barbara A. The theme of the king's two bodies is pertinent throughout Richard II, from the exile of Bolingbroke to the deposition of King Richard II. Im Palast von Westminster spricht König Heinrich zu seinen Anhängern: Die kriegerische Selbstzerfleischung des Landes muss ein Ende haben. In addition, the decision fails to dispel the suspicions surrounding Richard's involvement in the death of the Duke of Gloucester – in fact, by handling the situation so high-handedly and offering no coherent explanation for his reasoning, Richard only manages to appear more guilty. This angers the nobility, who accuse Richard of wasting England's money, of taking Gaunt's money (belonging by rights to his son, Bolingbroke) to fund war in Ireland, of taxing the commoners, and of fining the nobles for crimes committed by their ancestors. By this agreement, reported at the trial of Essex by the Chamberlain's Men actor Augustine Phillips, the conspirators paid the company forty shillings "above the ordinary" (i.e., above their usual rate) to stage this play, which the players felt was too old and "out of use" to attract a large audience. Richard II, written around 1595, is the first play in Shakespeare's second "history tetralogy," a series of four plays that chronicles the rise of the house of Lancaster to the British throne. That Hayward had made his dedication was fortunate for Shakespeare, otherwise he too might have lost his liberty over the affair.[11]. The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth containing his Death: and the Coronation of King Henry the Fift, Thomas of Woodstock/Richard the Second, Part One, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_II_(play)&oldid=1016361448, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
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