There are individual men and women and there are families and no government can do anything except through people and people look to themselves first. "[79], The Heath government continued to experience difficulties with oil embargoes and union demands for wage increases in 1973, subsequently losing the February 1974 general election. Margaret was a bridesmaid when Elizabeth married Prince Philip in 1947, per Refinery 29. [220][nb 7] Polls suggested that fewer than one in three British citizens approved of her decision. [5] Her parents were Alfred Roberts (1892–1970), from Northamptonshire, and Beatrice Ethel (née Stephenson, 1888–1960), from Lincolnshire. Thatcher and her party supported British membership of the EEC in the 1975 national referendum[249] and the Single European Act of 1986, and obtained the UK rebate on contributions,[250] but she believed that the role of the organisation should be limited to ensuring free trade and effective competition, and feared that the EEC approach was at odds with her views on smaller government and deregulation. [39] She lost on both occasions to Norman Dodds, but reduced the Labour majority by 6,000, and then a further 1,000. [14] She was head girl in 1942–43. [74] Milk would still be provided to those children that required it on medical grounds and schools could still sell milk. März 2002 in Windsor) war als Gemahlin König Georgs VI. Thatcher defined her own political philosophy, in a major and controversial break with the "one-nation" conservatism[341] of her predecessor Edward Heath, in a 1987 interview published in Woman's Own magazine: I think we have gone through a period when too many children and people have been given to understand "I have a problem, it is the Government's job to cope with it!" [255], In March 1990, Thatcher held a Chequers seminar on the subject of German reunification that was attended by members of her cabinet and historians such as Norman Stone, George Urban, Timothy Garton Ash and Gordon A. Craig. Thatcher reacted to this by branding the Labour government "chickens", and Liberal Party leader David Steel joined in, criticising Labour for "running scared". Keep reading for more details about their relationship. [423], "Iron Lady" redirects here. Following Reagan–Gorbachev summit meetings and reforms enacted by Gorbachev in the USSR, she declared in November 1988 that "We're not in a Cold War now", but rather in a "new relationship much wider than the Cold War ever was". The Conservatives attacked the Labour government's unemployment record, using advertising with the slogan "Labour Isn't Working". At the 1980 Conservative Party conference, Thatcher addressed the issue directly, with a speech written by the playwright Ronald Millar,[124] that notably included the following lines: To those waiting with bated breath for that favourite media catchphrase, the "U" turn, I have only one thing to say. [331][332], Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh attended her funeral,[333] marking only the second time in the Queen's reign that she attended the funeral of any of her former prime ministers, after that of Winston Churchill, who received a state funeral in 1965. [315] In February 2007 Thatcher became the first living British prime minister to be honoured with a statue in the Houses of Parliament. [283] She wrote two volumes of memoirs, The Downing Street Years (1993) and The Path to Power (1995). The conference at Lancaster was attended by Rhodesian prime minister Ian Smith, as well as by the key black leaders: Muzorewa, Mugabe, Nkomo and Tongogara. A general election was called after the Callaghan ministry lost a motion of no confidence in early 1979. [144], Thatcher on the ongoing miners' dispute in 1984, Thatcher believed that the trade unions were harmful to both ordinary trade unionists and the public. The rule meant a … On 1 November 1990, Howe, by then the last remaining member of Thatcher's original 1979 cabinet, resigned from his position as deputy prime minister, ostensibly over her open hostility to moves towards European Monetary Union. Her new policy was not meant to stop the development of new comprehensives; she said: "We shall [...] expect plans to be based on educational considerations rather than on the comprehensive principle. [303] She argued that Britain should renegotiate its terms of membership or else leave the EU and join the North American Free Trade Area. One reserved and proper. ; Unpopularity Was a Grievous Fault, and Thatcher Hath Answered for It", "5 December 1989: Thatcher beats off leadership rival", "1 November 1990: Howe resigns over Europe policy", "Change in Britain; Thatcher Says She'll Quit; 11½ Years as Prime Minister Ended by Party Challenge", "Heseltine challenges Thatcher for her job", "22 November 1990: Thatcher quits as prime minister", "HC S: [Confidence in Her Majesty's Government]", "Margaret Thatcher's resignation shocked politicians in US and USSR, files show", "30 June 1992: Thatcher takes her place in Lords", "Margaret Thatcher's estate still a family secret", "Tobacco Company Hires Margaret Thatcher as Consultant", "TV Interview for HRT (Croatian radiotelevision)", "Thatcher Close to Break With Her Replacement", "House of Lords European Communities (Amendment) Bill Speech", "House of Commons European Community debate", "Thatcher installed as chancellor of private university", "University mourns death of Lady Thatcher", "Thatcher seen closer to Blair than Major", "Letter supporting Iain Duncan Smith for the Conservative leadership published in the, "Thatcher praises Blair for standing firm with US on Iraq", "Statement from the office of the Rt Hon Baroness Thatcher LG OM FRS", "Thatcher: 'Reagan's life was providential, "Thatcher's taped eulogy at Reagan funeral", "9/11 Remembrance Honors Victims from More Than 90 Countries", "Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism", "Thatcher risks becoming a national treasure", "Margaret Thatcher returns to Downing Street", "Ronald Reagan statue unveiled at US Embassy in London", "Thatcher heads poll of most competent PMs", "Carol Thatcher, daughter of the revolution", "Margaret Thatcher's struggle with dementia revealed in daughter's memoir", "Margaret Thatcher: final moments in hotel without her family by her bedside", "Margaret Thatcher described as 'retired stateswoman' on death certificate", "Parliament Debates Thatcher Legacy, as Vitriol Flows Online and in Streets", "Funeral will be a 'ceremonial' service in line with Baroness Thatcher's wishes", "Ex-Prime Minister Baroness Thatcher dies, aged 87", "Margaret Thatcher funeral set for next week", "Margaret Thatcher: Queen leads mourners at funeral", "Queen made personal decision to attend Lady Thatcher's funeral", "Margaret Thatcher's ashes laid to rest at Royal Hospital Chelsea", "Margaret Thatcher: the economic achievements and legacy of Thatcherism", "Margaret Thatcher: How the economy changed", "Unemployment statistics from 1881 to the present day", "Industrialists split over Thatcher legacy", "Margaret Thatcher: I did right by Scots", "Who has been UK's greatest post-war PM? [350][351], Speaking in Scotland in 2009, Thatcher insisted she had no regrets and was right to introduce the poll tax and withdraw subsidies from "outdated industries, whose markets were in terminal decline", subsidies that created "the culture of dependency, which had done such damage to Britain". Prinzessin Margaret, oder besser gesagt "Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret Rose of York", wurde am 21. [203] As well working with the CIA in Operation Cyclone, they also supplied weapons, training and intelligence to the mujaheddin. London. To others, she was a narrow ideologue whose hard-faced policies legitimised greed, deliberately increased inequality [...] and destroyed the nation's sense of solidarity and civic pride. [335][336], Thatcherism represented a systematic and decisive overhaul of the post-war consensus, whereby the major political parties largely agreed on the central themes of Keynesianism, the welfare state, nationalised industry, and close regulation of the economy, and high taxes. [176] A 2010 review by the IEA states: "it does seem to be the case that once competition and/or effective regulation was introduced, performance improved markedly [...] But I hasten to emphasise again that the literature is not unanimous. [272] Thatcher initially declared her intention to "fight on and fight to win" the second ballot, but consultation with her cabinet persuaded her to withdraw. In 1978 she criticised Labour immigration policy with the goal of attracting voters away from the NF and to the Conservatives. [126] As the recession of the early 1980s deepened, she increased taxes,[127] despite concerns expressed in a March 1981 statement signed by 364 leading economists,[128] which argued there was "no basis in economic theory [...] for the Government's belief that by deflating demand they will bring inflation permanently under control", adding that "present policies will deepen the depression, erode the industrial base of our economy and threaten its social and political stability". In a private ceremony, Thatcher's ashes were interred in the grounds of the hospital, next to those of her husband. Princess Margaret, British royal, the second daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and the younger sister of Queen Elizabeth II. [60][61], In 1967, the United States Embassy chose Thatcher to take part in the International Visitor Leadership Program (then called the Foreign Leader Program), a professional exchange programme that gave her the opportunity to spend about six weeks visiting various US cities and political figures as well as institutions such as the International Monetary Fund. [164] The resulting closure of 150 coal mines, some of which were not losing money, resulted in the loss of tens of thousands of jobs and had the effect of devastating entire communities. I fought terrorism all my life and if more people fought it, and we were all more successful, we should not have it and I hope that everyone in this hall will think it is right to go on fighting terrorism. She was highly criticised for the speed in which she carried this out. [76] Her decision provoked a storm of protest from Labour and the press,[77] leading to her being notoriously nicknamed "Margaret Thatcher, Milk Snatcher". Various shots including Jack Hill painting bellows, Edward Brown making a rug and Peter Brooker making bunches of violets. [140] The new tax was introduced in Scotland in 1989 and in England and Wales the following year,[141] and proved to be among the most unpopular policies of her premiership. He said that she felt Thatcher's policies were "uncaring, confrontational and socially divisive". On the one hand she had an almost mystical reverence for the institution of the monarchy [...] Yet at the same time she was trying to modernise the country and sweep away many of the values and practices which the monarchy perpetuated. Margaret came to Mustique twice a year, in October/November and February. [184] Five people were killed, including the wife of minister John Wakeham. Chancellor Geoffrey Howe abolished the UK's exchange controls in 1979,[179] which allowed more capital to be invested in foreign markets, and the Big Bang of 1986 removed many restrictions on the London Stock Exchange. [108][109][110], Thatcher was Opposition leader and prime minister at a time of increased racial tension in Britain. [269][270] Opinion polls had indicated that he would give the Conservatives a national lead over Labour. Als Kind seien sie Spielgefährten gewesen und hätten gemeinsam mit Queen Elizabeth Schwester Margaret viel Zeit verbracht. Britain's economic situation was precarious, and most of NATO was reluctant to cut trade ties. Arriving at Downing Street she said, paraphrasing the Prayer of Saint Francis: Where there is discord, may we bring harmony; Stone was previously commissioned to paint portraits of the Queen and Queen Mother. Despite setting the direction of her foreign policy for a Conservative government, Thatcher was distressed by her repeated failure to shine in the House of Commons. [147] She bought the Trident nuclear missile submarine system from the US to replace Polaris, tripling the UK's nuclear forces[216] at an eventual cost of more than £12 billion (at 1996–97 prices). [379][380], Having led the Conservative Party to victory in three consecutive general elections, twice in a landslide, she ranks among the most popular party leaders in British history in terms of votes cast for the winning party; over 40 million ballots were cast in total for the Conservatives under her leadership. und Königin Elizabeth (später Queen Mum) mit Töchtern, den Prinzessinnen Elizabeth und Margaret . Michael Shea, the Queen's press secretary, in 1986 leaked stories of a deep rift to The Sunday Times. [337] At first she ignored the question of privatising nationalised industries. [256] The words of the meeting were leaked by her foreign-policy advisor Charles Powell and, subsequently, her comments were met with fierce backlash and controversy. [101], In 1976, Thatcher gave her "Britain Awake" foreign policy speech which lambasted the Soviet Union, saying it was "bent on world dominance". As Elizabeth prepared for a lifetime of royal duties — ascending to the throne when her younger sister was 22 years old, according to People — Margaret continued to live in her sister's shadow. London. [325] She later recounted how she was first struck by her mother's dementia when, in conversation, Thatcher confused the Falklands and Yugoslav conflicts; she recalled the pain of needing to tell her mother repeatedly that her husband Denis was dead. [244] She attempted to preserve trade with South Africa while persuading the government there to abandon apartheid. She chose not to stand as a candidate in the 1955 general election, in later years stating: "I really just felt the twins were [...] only two, I really felt that it was too soon. ", "Did Margaret Thatcher really call Nelson Mandela a terrorist? [313] Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon, was also in attendance and said of his former leader: "Her real triumph was to have transformed not just one party but two, so that when Labour did eventually return, the great bulk of Thatcherism was accepted as irreversible. "[247] During his visit to Britain five months after his release from prison, Nelson Mandela praised Thatcher: "She is an enemy of apartheid [...] We have much to thank her for."[245]. The author of Elizabeth & Margaret: the Intimate World of the Windsor Sisters went on to say, "They knew each other intimately from the day they were born. [276], Thatcher was replaced as head of government and party leader by Chancellor John Major, whose lead over Heseltine in the second ballot was sufficient for Heseltine to drop out. Thatcher's coffin being carried up the steps of, Plaques on the graves of Margaret and Denis Thatcher at the. [349] The long-term effects of her policies on manufacturing remain contentious. It was followed by a 1982 TV special directed by Dick Clement, in which Thatcher was played by Angela Thorne. "[98] In mid-1978, the economy began to recover and opinion polls showed Labour in the lead, with a general election being expected later that year and a Labour win a serious possibility. [275] Her resignation was a shock to many outside Britain, with such foreign observers as Henry Kissinger and Gorbachev expressing private consternation. Per Morton's book (via Vogue), when Margaret was in her fifties, she said "she was still playing second best after all these years," adding, "I guess I'll be second best to my grave. When not engaged in her political work in Dartford (Kent) where she is standing as Tory candidate, Miss Margaret Roberts, youngest candidate for the general election, is busy with her work as a research chemist. [281], On leaving the Commons, Thatcher became the first former British prime minister to set up a foundation;[282] the British wing of the Margaret Thatcher Foundation was dissolved in 2005 due to financial difficulties. [nb 6] She gave strong support to the Reagan administration's Cold War policies based on their shared distrust of communism. [83] In the second ballot she defeated Whitelaw, Heath's preferred successor. Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, DStJ, PC, FRS, HonFRSC (née Roberts; 13 October 1925 – 8 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. [172], Some of the privatised industries, including gas, water, and electricity, were natural monopolies for which privatisation involved little increase in competition. [326], Baroness Thatcher died on 8 April 2013, at the age of 87, after suffering a stroke. [299], At the 2001 general election, Thatcher supported the Conservative campaign, as she had done in 1992 and 1997, and in the Conservative leadership election following its defeat, she endorsed Iain Duncan Smith over Kenneth Clarke. [320], On 4 July 2011, Thatcher was to attend a ceremony for the unveiling of a 10 ft (3.0 m) statue to Ronald Reagan, outside the US Embassy in London, but was unable to attend due to her frail health. Her book also said that Israel must trade land for peace, and that the European Union (EU) was a "fundamentally unreformable", "classic utopian project, a monument to the vanity of intellectuals, a programme whose inevitable destiny is failure". In 1984, the year of the miners' strike, there were 1,221, resulting in the loss of more than 27 million working days. "[135], By 1987, unemployment was falling, the economy was stable and strong and inflation was low. ", "The Hunger Strike of 1981 – A Chronology of Main Events", "12 October 1984: Tory Cabinet in Brighton bomb blast", "Thatcher was to call Labour and miners 'enemy within' in abandoned speech", "15 November 1985: Anglo-Irish agreement signed", "Was Margaret Thatcher the first climate sceptic? With the 1975 Portuguese collapse in the continent, South Africa (which had been Rhodesia's chief supporter) realised that their ally was a liability; black rule was inevitable, and the Thatcher government brokered a peaceful solution to end the Rhodesian Bush War in December 1979 via the Lancaster House Agreement. Es waren einfach zu viele Whiskys, zu viele Zigaretten, zu viel Herzenskummer. Elizabeth would, in 1953, become a consecrated monarch, Crowned Queen of England, ruler of about 130 million subjects on five continents. Blair rebranded the party "New Labour" in 1994 with the aim of increasing its appeal beyond its traditional supporters,[372] and to attract those who had supported Thatcher, such as the "Essex man". [145] She was committed to reducing the power of the unions, whose leadership she accused of undermining parliamentary democracy and economic performance through strike action. She was chosen as the Woman of the Year 1982, the year in which the Falklands War began under her command and resulted in the British victory. Über den Tag verteilt rauchte sie bis zu 60 Zigaretten der Marke Chesterfield. Erst ein Selbstmordversuch der Prinzessin bringt … [101] The "Iron" metaphor followed her throughout ever since,[105] and would become a generic sobriquet for other strong-willed female politicians.[106]. To some she was the saviour of her country who [...] created a vigorous enterprise economy which twenty years later was still outperforming the more regulated economies of the Continent. [118] Thatcher later wrote: "I always found the Queen's attitude towards the work of the Government absolutely correct [...] stories of clashes between 'two powerful women' were just too good not to make up. [385] In 1999, Time deemed Thatcher one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century. [392], According to theatre critic Michael Billington,[393] Thatcher left an "emphatic mark" on the arts while prime minister. [73] She held that few children would suffer if schools were charged for milk, but agreed to provide younger children with ⅓ pint daily for nutritional purposes. [50], Thatcher's talent and drive caused her to be mentioned as a future prime minister in her early 20s[21] although she herself was more pessimistic, stating as late as 1970: "There will not be a woman prime minister in my lifetime – the male population is too prejudiced. [15] Other students thought of Roberts as the "star scientist", although mistaken advice regarding cleaning ink from parquetry almost caused chlorine gas poisoning. [213], Despite opposite personalities, Thatcher bonded quickly with US president Ronald Reagan. Ihren Kummer betäubte sie mit Alkohol, Affären und Partys. [32] One of her Oxford friends was also a friend of the Chair of the Dartford Conservative Association in Kent, who were looking for candidates. Fortunately for Elizabeth, Margaret was there for her in 1992, the queen’s annus horribilus . She gave weak support to US president Jimmy Carter who tried to punish the USSR with economic sanctions. Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, CI, GCVO, CD (Margaret Rose; 21 August 1930 – 9 February 2002) was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth … [84], Thatcher became Conservative Party leader and Leader of the Opposition on 11 February 1975;[85] she appointed Whitelaw as her deputy. [172], In most cases, privatisation benefited consumers in terms of lower prices and improved efficiency, but results overall have been mixed. Although many scientists opposed the proposal, her research background probably made her sceptical of their claim that outsiders should not interfere with funding. [181] After the deaths of Sands and nine others, the strike ended. [281][418] Subsequently, the College of Arms granted her usage of a personal coat of arms; she was allowed to revise these arms on her appointment as Lady of the Order of the Garter (LG) in 1995, the highest order of chivalry for women. [67], The Conservative Party led by Edward Heath won the 1970 general election, and Thatcher was appointed to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Education and Science. [352] Political economist Susan Strange termed the neoliberal financial growth model "casino capitalism", reflecting her view that speculation and financial trading were becoming more important to the economy than industry. Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother and Princess Margaret at Lord Roberts Workshops. [210][211], Thatcher was one of the first Western leaders to respond warmly to reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. In 1975, she defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election to become Leader of the Opposition, the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom. [347] Unemployment did not fall below its May 1979 level during her tenure,[348] only marginally falling below its April 1979 level in 1990. In September 1982 she visited China to discuss with Deng Xiaoping the sovereignty of Hong Kong after 1997. und Königin Elisabeth. Their small family of four did not expect to be thrust into the line of succession. [310][311] Thatcher flew to California with the Reagan entourage, and attended the memorial service and interment ceremony for the president at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. A Soviet journalist dubbed her the "Iron Lady", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. [58] She supported the retention of capital punishment[59] and voted against the relaxation of divorce laws. [8], Alfred Roberts was an alderman and a Methodist local preacher,[9] and brought up his daughter as a strict Wesleyan Methodist,[10] attending the Finkin Street Methodist Church,[11] but Margaret was more sceptical; the future scientist told a friend that she could not believe in angels, having calculated that they needed a breastbone six feet long to support wings. Cut and paste as you please, and please consult the official programme for additional information. [12] In preparation for the election Roberts moved to Dartford, where she supported herself by working as a research chemist for J. Lyons and Co. in Hammersmith, part of a team developing emulsifiers for ice cream. [150], In March 1984, the National Coal Board (NCB) proposed to close 20 of the 174 state-owned mines and cut 20,000 jobs out of 187,000. ", "A Review of Privatisation and Regulation Experience in Britain", "How the Big Bang changed the City of London for ever", "3 October 1981: IRA Maze hunger strikes at an end", "Was Gerry Adams complicit over hunger strikers?
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